Health & Peptide Science
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Topics
Research trendsGuide
What a peptide research protocol must document
Characterisation by LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV, a pre-registered protocol and lot traceability all come before any biological reading.
Research trendsEducational
Sex differences in peptide research design
GH secretion, receptor expression and pharmacokinetics differ by sex, which changes how preclinical models and trial arms are planned.
Trends
Reading peptide claims in the media
Attention usually arrives before the data. How to check a circulating claim against published trials and preclinical work.
Research trendsEducational
Biomarker choice in peptide study design
Pre-specified endpoints, estimand framing and GRADE-aligned synthesis, and why a surrogate marker rarely carries a study on its own.
Research trendsEducational
How nutrition status confounds peptide studies
Leucine availability and mTORC1, copper and zinc with GHK-Cu, niacin status with NAD+, and omega-3 as a confounder in inflammatory endpoints.
Research trendsEducational
Peptides in sleep architecture research
DSIP pharmacology, GH pulses during slow-wave sleep, Selank in rodent EEG work, and what a polysomnography protocol has to record.
Research trendsEducational
Peptides in sports medicine research
BPC-157 and TB-500 repair pathways, the WADA prohibited-list status of GH axis peptides, and how the preclinical work is set up.
Research trendsTrends
Three peptide research priorities for 2026
Triple incretin receptor agonism, mitochondria-targeting peptides and telomerase activators, with the published evidence behind each.
ScienceTrends
From preclinical peptide data to phase 3
Development timelines, the barriers that stop compounds before an IND filing, and the programmes now in clinical stages.
ScienceAnalysis
Peptide compounding under 503A and 503B
What each designation allows, the USP 797 parameters that apply, and where research-use distribution sits relative to both.
ScienceGuide
How to read a peptide certificate of analysis
Identity by mass spectrometry, purity by HPLC-UV, endotoxin by LAL, water by Karl Fischer, and what the counterion line means.
ScienceEducational
How peptide purity is measured by HPLC and MS
Column and gradient parameters, how purity is quantified, sequence confirmation by MS/MS, and related substance profiling.
ScienceEducational
What research use only means on a label
The regulatory definition, the certificate data a research lot needs, and the line between research supply and clinical use.
ScienceEducational
How to appraise a peptide study
Where a design sits in the evidence hierarchy, the biases that recur in peptide work, and how endpoints and statistics are judged.
ScienceAnalysis
Peptides in phase 1 to phase 3 development
How trials are staged, how endpoints are chosen, the FDA and EMA milestones involved, and which peptide programmes are running.
ScienceTrends
FDA rules for research peptides in 2026
The 503A and 503B designations, the GLP-1 agonist scheduling change, and the documentation a research distributor has to keep.
CombinationsGuide
Selank and NAD+ in cognitive research
Selank modulates GABA-A and raises BDNF; NAD+ supports sirtuin activity and neuronal mitochondria. Why the two are studied together.
CombinationsGuide
Metabolic peptide combinations in research
Dual GLP-1R and GIP-R agonism, lipolytic fragments such as AOD-9604, and exercise mimetics in adiposity and mitochondrial models.
CombinationsGuide
GHK-Cu and NAD+ in senescence research
GHK-Cu modulates the MMP and TIMP balance and TGF-beta1; NAD+ is the sirtuin substrate. Where the two pathways overlap in cell models.
CombinationsGuide
BPC-157, TB-500 and GHK-Cu in repair models
VEGF and FAK signalling, G-actin regulation and cell migration, collagen synthesis and metalloproteinases in tissue repair work.
CombinationsScientific
How peptide synergy is demonstrated
Three tiers of evidence, from a formal combination index down to mechanistic plausibility, and the timing questions a stack study raises.
CombinationsGuide
Designing a peptide combination study
Pharmacokinetic interactions at DPP-IV and neprilysin, receptor competition, and the combination index that separates synergy from addition.
CombinationsGuide
GHK-Cu, TB-500 and BPC-157 angiogenic overlap
Three compounds reach VEGF by different routes. Where their angiogenic and collagen remodelling pathways converge in repair models.
CombinationsGuide
KPV added to a three-peptide repair model
KPV inhibits NF-kB and ERK, GHK-Cu drives collagen synthesis, TB-500 supports migration and BPC-157 activates FAK and eNOS.
LongevityScientific
MC3R and MC4R distribution in the brain
Receptor mapping across hypothalamic and limbic circuits, the cAMP and PKA cascade downstream, and where PT-141 binds.
LongevityScientific
Telomeres, Epitalon and TERT activation
Telomere structure, the terminal replication problem, histone changes at the TERT promoter, and how the TRAP assay reads out.
LongevityScientific
Neuropeptides in preclinical anxiety models
Selank at GABA-A, Semax and serotonergic turnover, DSIP at NMDAR and the HPA axis, with elevated plus maze and Vogel designs.
LongevityScientific
How neuropeptides differ from transmitters
Dense-core vesicle synthesis, release frequency, volume transmission and GPCR-only signalling, with POMC processing as the example.
LongevityEducational
Mitochondrial NAD+ pools and complex I
NMNAT3 keeps the mitochondrial pool separate from the cytoplasmic one, and NAMPT decline leaves PARP-1 and CD38 competing for substrate.
LongevityTrends
Peptides studied in ageing research in 2026
Epitalon and TERT, SS-31 and mitochondrial preservation, BPC-157 and senescence markers, and NAD+ in SIRT6 telomere maintenance.
LongevityEducational
BDNF and TrkB signalling in peptide research
How Selank, Semax, BPC-157 and GHK-Cu change BDNF and TrkB readouts, and the rodent memory models these studies run.
LongevityComparison
Selank and Semax compared
Selank modulates GABA-A and induces BDNF. Semax acts on ACTH and melanocortin pathways, with dopamine and hippocampal effects.
LongevityScientific
NAD+ decline and cellular senescence
PARP-1 hyperactivation, CD38 overexpression and NAMPT loss drive the decline, with consequences for SIRT1 to SIRT7 activity.
LongevityGuide
Bremelanotide at the melanocortin receptors
PT-141 favours MC3R and MC4R and acts on mesolimbic dopaminergic circuits in the medial preoptic area and hypothalamus.
LongevityGuide
Selank, a tuftsin-derived heptapeptide
Sequence, GABA-A modulation, BDNF upregulation through TrkB, and the rodent work that separates it from benzodiazepines.
LongevityGuide
NAD+ biosynthesis and the sirtuins
The Preiss-Handler, kynurenine and salvage routes, CD38 as the main consumer, and how availability sets SIRT1 to SIRT7 activity.
MetabolismScientific
NPY, AgRP and POMC appetite circuits
The orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons of the arcuate nucleus, and where GLP-1R, MC4R and GHS-R1a sit in that circuitry.
MetabolismTrends
Exercise-mimetic compounds in the laboratory
SLU-PP-332 as a pan-ERR agonist, with PGC-1alpha, fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis as the measured endpoints.
MetabolismScientific
MOTS-c, SS-31 and mitochondrial biogenesis
How both peptides act on PGC-1alpha, TFAM and AMPK, and what the cell and rodent models actually measure.
MetabolismEducational
Visceral and subcutaneous fat compared
Depot differences in gene expression, adiponectin and PAI-1 secretion, macrophage infiltration and GLP-1R density.
MetabolismScientific
The HSL and ATGL lipolysis cascade
cAMP kinetics, perilipin-1 phosphorylation as the rate-limiting step, HSL translocation, and how NEFA flux is measured.
MetabolismComparison
AOD-9604 and full-length hGH compared
Receptor selectivity in displacement assays, glycerol release in adipocytes, and why onset kinetics differ between the two.
MetabolismTrends
GLP-1 receptor pharmacology and agonist design
Class B GPCR structure, Gas engagement, depot differences in receptor expression, and how dual and triple agonists were built.
MetabolismLipolysis
Beta3-adrenergic signalling in adipocytes
HSL phosphorylation at Ser563 and Ser660, perilipin-1 gating ATGL access, and depot differences in beta3-AR signalling.
Cellular longevityEducational
Cosmetic peptides and research peptides
What separates a topical cosmetic ingredient from a research-grade compound, with GHK-Cu in skin models as the example.
Cellular longevityComparison
Hydrolysed collagen and bioactive peptides
What the literature reports for each, how they are absorbed, and the endpoints used in skin and connective tissue studies.
Cellular longevityEducational
GHK-Cu and collagen in skin research
What preclinical work reports on GHK-Cu, collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix turnover in skin models.
Cellular longevityGuide
Melanotan II and the melanocortin receptors
MC1R-driven eumelanin synthesis, the cAMP and PKA cascade, and the central MC3R and MC4R effects reported in animal work.
Cellular longevityEducational
GHK-Cu and hair follicle research
What preclinical studies report on follicle stem cells, Wnt signalling and keratinocyte proliferation.
Growth hormoneComparison
Tesamorelin and sermorelin compared
The hexenoyl modification and DPP-IV stability, GHRH-R binding kinetics, and the pharmacokinetic parameters reported for each.
Growth hormoneScientific
How GH secretagogues raise IGF-1
Hepatic IGF-1 synthesis through JAK2 and STAT5b, IGF-1R and IRS-1 signalling, and the feedback that limits the GH axis.
Growth hormoneEducational
What regulates endogenous GH release
The GHRH and somatostatin balance, SSTR1 to SSTR5 subtypes, GH pulses during slow-wave sleep, and the secretagogue targets.
Growth hormoneGuide
CJC-1295 and ipamorelin at the somatotroph
Where the GHRH and GHS-R1a routes converge, the cAMP and PKA signalling involved, and the pharmacokinetics reported for each.