Peptide reference

C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone (hGH 176-191). Studied for β3-adrenergic lipolysis in adipocytes without GH receptor binding.

Synthetic pentadecapeptide related to a gastric protein. Studied in tissue repair models for VEGF-linked angiogenesis and fibroblast migration.

Long-acting amylin analogue in clinical development. Studied as an amylin receptor agonist that slows gastric emptying and acts on satiety pathways.

Mixture of low molecular weight neurotrophic peptides of porcine origin. Studied for NGF- and BDNF-like activity in neuronal survival models.

GHRH analogue carrying an albumin-binding complex that extends its plasma half-life. Studied for sustained GHRH receptor stimulation and IGF-1 output.

Angiotensin IV-derived peptide studied for HGF and c-Met activation, synaptogenesis and dendritic spine formation in neuronal models.

Nonapeptide first isolated from rabbit brain. Studied in slow-wave sleep models and for its effects on opioid receptors and the cortisol rhythm.

Pineal tetrapeptide studied for telomerase (TERT) activation, telomere length readouts and pineal-hypothalamic regulation in ageing models.

Glycoprotein that binds activin and myostatin. Studied as a TGF-β family inhibitor in skeletal muscle and myostatin signalling models.

TGF-β superfamily growth factor studied through ActRII, ALK4/5 and SMAD2/3 signalling in stem cell and cardiac ageing models.

Copper-chelated tripeptide studied for collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, MMP and TIMP balance, and Wnt signalling in hair follicles.

Second-generation GH secretagogue studied at GHS-R1a. Unlike ipamorelin it also raises ACTH and prolactin in the reported models.

Early synthetic GH secretagogue studied at the ghrelin receptor, with neuropeptide Y-mediated orexigenic signalling alongside GH release.

Endogenous incretin with a very short native half-life. The molecular reference point for semaglutide and the other GLP-1R agonists.

Synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone studied for pulsatile GnRH receptor signalling and downstream LH and FSH release.

Potent GHS-R1a agonist studied for GH release and for GH-independent CD36 receptor signalling in cardiac tissue models.

Stabilised C-terminal fragment of human GH (residues 176-191). Studied for β-adrenergic lipolysis without IGF-1 induction.

21-residue mitochondrial-derived peptide studied through gp130 and STAT3 signalling, BAX inhibition and beta-amyloid toxicity models.

IGF-1 variant with 13 extra N-terminal residues and low IGFBP affinity. Studied through IGF-1R, PI3K/AKT and MAPK signalling.

Selective GHSR-1a agonist studied as a clean model of pulsatile GH release, with little change in cortisol, prolactin or ACTH.

Decapeptide studied at KISS1R (GPR54) on GnRH neurons, upstream of pulsatile GnRH release and gonadotropin secretion.

C-terminal tripeptide of α-MSH studied for NF-κB inhibition and cytokine release in intestinal mucosal and immune models.

Human cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide studied for membrane disruption and for FPRL1, TLR4 and P2X7 signalling.

Cyclic α-MSH analogue studied as a non-selective MC1R to MC5R agonist, covering eumelanin synthesis and central melanocortin signalling.

Locally expressed IGF-1 splice variant studied for satellite cell activation in muscle damage and repair models.

Mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for AMPK activation, the DHFR-purine pathway and glucose metabolism in rodent models.

Redox coenzyme whose intracellular availability falls with age. Studied as the substrate for sirtuins and PARP enzymes and in Complex I function.

Spadin-derived peptide studied for TREK-1 channel block and raised serotonergic neuron excitability in preclinical mood models.

Short pineal-derived peptide studied for blood-brain barrier penetration and gene expression changes in neuronal models.

Cyclic melanocortin agonist with MC3R and MC4R selectivity. Studied for central dopaminergic and serotonergic signalling in neuroendocrine models.

Triple GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist in clinical-stage research. Studied for caloric intake pathways and hepatic glucose output.

Synthetic heptapeptide analogue of tuftsin studied for GABA-A modulation, BDNF expression and enkephalinase inhibition.

Long-acting GLP-1 analogue studied at GLP-1R for glucose-dependent insulin secretion, gastric emptying and hypothalamic appetite signalling.

ACTH(4-10) analogue studied for BDNF and NGF expression and for dopaminergic and serotonergic modulation in neuroplasticity models.

Synthetic GHRH(1-29) analogue that binds the pituitary GHRH receptor. Studied as a model of pulsatile GH release with intact feedback.

Octapeptide analogue of the SNAP-25 N-terminus studied for SNARE complex competition and acetylcholine release in topical models.

Cardiolipin-binding tetrapeptide studied for respiratory chain stability, reactive oxygen species and ATP synthesis in mitochondria.

Synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4 studied for G-actin sequestration, cell migration and eNOS- and VEGF-linked angiogenesis.

GHRH analogue stabilised with trans-3-hexenoic acid. Studied for GHRH receptor binding, IGF-1 output and visceral adipose models.

Thymic 28-residue peptide studied for TLR2 and TLR4 signalling, T cell maturation and interferon and IL-2 production.

Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist studied for insulin secretion, glucagon suppression and energy expenditure in metabolic models.